Brill

This contribution addresses the extent to which the cultural – mainly Christian-Protestant – underlay to the concept of religion which became hegemonic in the 19th century has made its way into European law, shaping how religious freedom rights of Muslims are defined today. I begin by describing studies that examine the nexus between freedom of religion and the normativity of the concept of religion.

The role of philosophy in the thought of Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī has been a source of much debate among scholars of Islamic intellectual history and among