Towards an Open Science: Causality and Beyond—Learning from Ottoman Experience

Popper described those who aspire to build a unified and all comprehensive theory of the world as enemies of an open society because the advocates of such theories would discriminate against alternative approaches, and their advocates, which would lead to authoritarianism if backed by the state. The solution Popper offered was to test these. theories against data or to subject them to the test of falsification. If they cannot survive this test, or do not avail themselves for such a test, then they should be rejected, not because they are not qualified to be scientific theories but because they are inimical to an open society