Women's Access to Mosques: Religion, Culture, Architecture and the Case of Pakistan

In this thesis, the topic of mosque attendance by women is explored from the perspective of religion, culture, and architecture, globally and in the specific case of Pakistan. The main question that the thesis addresses is: if women were welcomed and frequently present at the seminal mosque at Medina during the lifetime of the Prophet (PBUH), then why is the practice not carried out in the same manner in Pakistan? This thesis investigates the relationship between women and mosques in the context of Pakistan by understanding the current situation of women's public ritual practice and the ideological mindset (religious and cultural) behind its formation. The thesis aims to highlight this relationship in contrast with practices elsewhere, and through that identify its problematic nature. It further aims to suggest modifications in the approach of Pakistanis towards confronting the issue. To achieve this objective, the research will encompass the religious foundation of women's stake in the typology (architectural entity) of the mosque; secondly, cultural practices adopted by Muslim women in reference to mosques in other communities; and finally, case studies relatable to Pakistan that can serve as role model in women's struggle to carve their own niche in the socio-religious spaces of the mosque. The research methodology includes analysis of historical and contemporary literature, case studies, and qualitative primary research. The mixed method approach helps in answering the concerns of the research that range from highlighting the problem to providing its solution. The study concludes by suggesting further steps to combat the social exclusion of women from Pakistani mosques, highlighting the potential of improvement in Pakistani women's religious awareness and social cohesion.