Ijtihad in Twelver Shi'ism: the interpretation and application of Islamic law in the context of changing Muslim society (Ph.D. Thesis)

This thesis investigates whether Islamic laws can be expanded and adapted to meet the changing needs of modern Muslim societies while remaining consistent with the shari`a. The focus is on the Shi'ites' approach to the law, particularly in Iran following Imam Khomeini's emphasis on the 'role of the time and place in ijtihad.' Broad scientific knowledge should also play a role in ijtihad along with the judgements of qualified mujtahid. The thesis studies the relationship between ijtihad and the comprehensiveness of the shari`a, and examines theories introduced by both traditional ulama and Muslim modernists in adapting Islamic law to modern societies. Recent issues such as insurance policies, Islamic banking, human dissection, organ donation, and women's rights to judge are also discussed briefly.